Language exists in two forms, the spoken and the written. Had we been treating this subject a generation ago, we would probably have put writing ahead of speaking. Two linguistic activities are associated with both speech and writing: an encoding and a decoding process. Speaking and writing themselves are the encoding processes whereby we communicate… Read More »
TESTING ENGLISH AS A SECOND LANGUAGE (WHAT IS MEANT BY SPEAKING A SECOND LANGUAGE) If we compare the inventory with that which was presented in the preceding chapter on the testing of writing, one essential difference is apparent. As used in the chapter, the term writing was applied to a rather formal and sophisticated language… Read More »
Approaches to Science When science is taught from an inquiry-based, problem-solving orientation, students learn to define a science problem, state a hypothesis, gather data, analyze data, and make statements relating the hypothesis to the data. Through scientific inquiry, students develop learning processes inherent in thinking: observing, classifying, comparing, communicating, measuring, inferring, predicting, and finding space… Read More »
WHAT IS MEANT BY READING COMPREHENSION When we come to the testing of reading comprehension, we are concerned with the testing of students who have passed beyond the purely audio-lingual state of language learning, in which “reading” and “writing” are used simply to reinforce the oral/aural learnings, and have proceeded to a stage in which… Read More »